Afghanistan is a landlocked country in South and Central Asia, surrounded by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. The geography of Afghanistan is defined by the Hindu Kush mountain range, the Registan Desert in the southwest, fertile plains in the north, and major rivers like the Amu Darya and Kabul River. The climate varies from arid to continental, with cold winters and hot summers.

In terms of trade, Afghanistan's economy heavily relies on agriculture, mining, and trade. The country's trade policies are influenced by international organizations and bilateral agreements. Afghanistan became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2016, which requires adherence to WTO rules on tariffs, subsidies, and trade barriers. Afghanistan also has trade agreements with various countries and is part of regional organizations like SAARC and ECO.

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country in South ‎Asia, bordering Central Asia, East Asia, and West asia (Middle East). Afghanistan's neighbors ‎are Iran to the west, Pakistan to the south and east, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and ‎Turkmenistan to the north, and China to the northeast. Afghanistan is the 41st largest ‎country in the world with an area of 652,860 square kilometers and a population of about ‎‎39.8 million, which makes it the 37th largest country in the world. Kabul is the capital and ‎largest city.‎

Dari and Pashto Persian are the official languages of this country and Islam is its official ‎religion. Nearly four decades of war have made Afghanistan one of the most insecure and ‎impoverished countries in the world. The country's per capita GDP in 2020 is $ 552 based on ‎the face value of the dollar and will reach $ 2,474 based on purchasing power parity. The ‎country was ranked 172nd in the world in 2011 with a human development index of 0.398. It ‎acceded to the United Nations on November 19, 1946.‎

In Afghanistan, bills and articles of association had already been drafted in this regard, ‎which mainly dealt with trade-related issues in their initial form. Bankruptcy, etc. can be ‎mentioned. However, in 1945, a supplementary law called the Afghanistan Principles of ‎Commerce was drafted into 945 articles. With the entry into force of this principle, all ‎previous principles and bills were repealed and this law has almost met the commercial ‎needs of Afghanistan since then. 

Historically, it has a long history and even the issues that ‎have been foreseen in the Afghan constitution have not been put into practice so far. For ‎example, according to IT, it has predicted different types of commercial companies, some of ‎which have It is now rarely seen in Afghanistan, such as a joint venture company or the ‎provision of business documents, which is a big step in encouraging and growing trade in ‎Afghanistan. 

It should be noted that in addition to AT-1 A number of other laws have been ‎enacted according to the needs of the time, such as the Law on Cooperatives, the Law on ‎Enterprises, the Law on Banks, the Law on Insurance, the Law on Foreign Investment, and ‎the Principles of Commercial Trials, which have emerged one after the other as independent ‎laws. ‎

‎ Afghanistan's Charter of Commerce contains four chapters. The first chapter is general ‎provisions, the second chapter is commercial companies, the third chapter is commercial ‎documents and the fourth chapter is commercial obligations. ‎Overall, Afghanistan's geography poses challenges and opportunities for trade, while its trade rules aim to integrate the country into the global economy, considering its complex regional dynamics.

Being a landlocked country, Afghanistan depends on transit trade through neighboring countries, particularly Pakistan and Iran, to access international markets. The Afghan government provides incentives for exports, including tax exemptions and support for export-oriented industries. Import controls are in place to protect public health and safety and promote local production.

Afghanistan has investment laws aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), offering guarantees against expropriation, profit repatriation, and incentives for investors. However, international sanctions related to terrorism and narcotics occasionally impact Afghanistan's trade. The Afghan Customs Department regulates the movement of goods and has implemented modernized procedures to streamline processes and reduce corruption.