Petroleum coke, often abbreviated as petcoke, is a carbonaceous solid derived from the refining process of crude oil. It is a byproduct of the Petroleum industry and is produced when heavy Crude oil is processed into lighter fractions such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Petroleum coke is primarily composed of carbon and contains small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, and other impurities. It is a dark, solid material with a high carbon content, typically ranging from 85% to 95%. The carbon content makes petroleum coke a valuable fuel source, especially for industrial processes that require high heat and energy.

Petroleum coke (Petcoke) is the final carbon-rich solid material obtained from the oil refining process and is a group of fuels known as coke. Petroleum coke is specifically obtained from a final cracking process, which is considered a Chemical engineering process, and the hydrocarbons of the oil chains are divided into shorter chains in a section called the coke unit. In other words, petroleum coke is the product of the carbonation of heavy hydrocarbon sections of oil at high boiling points. Petroleum coke is also produced in the process of producing synthetic crude oil from Bitumen extracted from Canadian oil sands and Venezuela's Orinoco oil field.

Coking is a process consisting of thermal decomposition, polymerization and condensation in which heavy petroleum residues are converted into a variety of gases, liquids and solids with a high percentage of carbon, called petroleum coke. Obtained petcoke, which is not calcined, is also called green coke. Based on the initial feed, various cokes are obtained, which are mainly divided into three types: seed (Shot Coke), sponge (Sponge Coke) and needle (Needle Coke). 

The physical structure and purity of petroleum coke determine its application. According to the study, increasing oil demand, high production of heavy oil in the country, problems of storage of heavy oil residues, pollution caused by them, the import of petroleum coke and most of the products needed in the country to invest in, It seems necessary to set up a delayed coking unit in the country. Petroleum coke has a higher calorific value than metallurgical coke. Its ash content is less. 

Petroleum coke is a globally traded commodity and is often transported and traded in bulk quantities. It has various industrial applications, including energy generation, Metal smelting, Cement manufacturing, and as a source of carbon in the production of electrodes, graphite, and other carbon-based products. Due to the very extreme thermal conditions in which oil coke is produced, it has a very small amount of combustible volatile substance, as a result of which this coke is very hard to burn due to the low amount of volatile substance. Uncalculated petroleum coke is also called green coke and is mostly used as fuel. Eventually, raw coke becomes calcined coke, which has a high stabilized carbon content, low ash content, and very low sulfur content. 

There are two main types of petroleum coke: calcined coke and fuel-grade coke. Calcined coke is further processed through a heating process to remove volatile matter and moisture, resulting in a more pure and higher-quality product. Calcined coke is mainly used in the production of anodes for the Aluminum industry and as a source of carbon in the Steel industry. Fuel-grade coke, on the other hand, is less pure and is primarily used as a fuel in power plants and cement kilns. It has a higher sulfur content and lower carbon content compared to calcined coke, which makes it less suitable for producing high-quality carbon products.