West Asian And The Middle East Commodity Market

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History of base oils - In 1852, crude oil-based oils were introduced

But as demand for automobiles grew, so did the demand for better lubricants, and it was not long before lubricant manufacturers realized which type of crude oil produced the best lubricants

The use of lubricants can be traced back to ancient civilizations

The use of lubricants can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Early civilizations, such as the Sumerians and Egyptians, used various substances like animal fats and vegetable oils to reduce friction and provide lubrication for their machinery and chariots. The modern history of base oils began with the development of the Petroleum industry in the 19th century. The discovery of large oil reserves and advancements in drilling and refining techniques led to the commercial production of petroleum products. The field of base oils continues to evolve with ongoing research and innovation. Efforts are being made to develop base oils with improved environmental sustainability, higher performance levels, and better compatibility with modern engine technologies.

Base oil production technology has gone through several phases of evolution. In the first phase, animal fats were used as lubricants. Inscriptions dating to 1400 BC inform of the use of hard fat of pigs and sheep (called pi) to lubricate the wheels of carriages.
During the next 3,000 years, there was little change in this area, and it can be said that only at certain points, the desired oils were obtained from animals such as whales.

In 1852, crude oil-based oils were introduced. Such oils were not considered at first because they did not perform better than animal-based oils. Therefore, it can be said that Crude oil did not produce a good lubricant and in general, the Base oil industry was not in a good situation due to lack of knowledge. But as demand for automobiles grew, so did the demand for better lubricants, and it was not long before lubricant manufacturers realized which type of crude oil produced the best lubricants. Then They produced better lubricants by converting crude oil into cuts with lower distillation amplitudes and different viscosities.

Prior to 1920, engine oils were free of additives, and after 1,300 to 1,600 km, vehicle oils were changed. Therefore, in 1923, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) classified engine lubricants as light, medium, and heavy in terms of viscosity. However, due to the needs of the day, more and more lubricant manufacturers began to refine base oils in order to improve their efficiency.

In the early days, the primary focus of refining crude oil was to produce kerosene for lighting. However, as the demand for lubricants grew with the rise of industrialization, refining techniques were developed to extract lubricating oils from crude oil. As the demand for lubricants increased, the need for consistent quality and performance became apparent. This led to the establishment of various base oil grades to classify oils based on their refining methods, composition, and performance characteristics. The American Petroleum Institute (API) introduced its base oil classification system, which categorized base oils into different groups based on their refining processes and properties.

Over time, advancements in refining technology and processes allowed for the production of higher-quality base oils. Techniques such as solvent extraction, hydroprocessing, and catalytic dewaxing were developed to remove impurities, improve viscosity control, and enhance the performance characteristics of base oils. In the mid-20th century, the development of synthetic base oils marked a significant advancement in lubricant technology. Synthetic base oils, such as polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and esters, offered superior performance properties compared to mineral-based oils. These synthetic base oils found applications in high-performance lubricants, including those used in aerospace, automotive, and industrial sectors.

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