Clay is a naturally occurring fine-grained mineral substance composed primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum. Clays can have different mineral compositions based on the parent rock from which they were derived and the specific geological processes involved. Clay is extensively used in the production of ceramics and pottery. Clay is a highly versatile material that can be molded, shaped, and formed into various objects and structures. One of the most widely used construction materials, concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates (such as sand and gravel), water, and additives. The Middle East has experienced a construction boom in recent years, driven by urbanization, population growth, and ambitious development plans. Construction sand, typically sourced from rivers, quarries, or coastal areas, is a fundamental component of concrete, mortar, and other construction materials. Clay is a primary ingredient in the production of bricks and blocks. The Palestinian economy faces significant challenges due to its complex political situation, including occupation, restrictions, and border controls imposed by Israel. The financial and trade system in Palestine is divided between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, both of which have limited economic infrastructure and are heavily dependent on foreign aid. Palestine does not have its own official currency and primarily uses the Israeli new shekel (NIS), the Jordanian dinar, and the US dollar in different regions.
