Copper is one of the most abundant transition Metals in the Earth's crust. It occurs naturally in various Minerals and ores, including chalcopyrite, bornite, malachite, and cuprite. Copper has been used by humans for thousands of years. It was one of the first metals to be discovered and utilized, dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and the Romans. The Bronze Age, which followed the Stone Age, was named after the widespread use of copper alloys like bronze.

Copper has a reddish-orange color and a metallic luster. It has a relatively high melting point of 1,984 degrees Fahrenheit (1,084 degrees Celsius) and a boiling point of 4,643 degrees Fahrenheit (2,562 degrees Celsius). It is a relatively dense metal, with a density of 8.96 grams per cubic centimeter. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat. It has the second-highest electrical conductivity among all metals (after silver), making it widely used in electrical wiring, power transmission, and electronics. Its high thermal conductivity also makes it suitable for heat exchangers and cooking utensils.

Copper is a relatively red Metal that has a very high electrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals, only Silver has a higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than copper) because copper artifacts discovered date back to 8700 years ago. Copper is probably the oldest metal used by humans. In addition to being present in various minerals, copper is also found in metallic form.

According to US Geological Survey, copper is the third most widely used industrial metal in the world after iron and aluminum. About three-quarters of this metal goes to make electrical wires, communication cables, and electronics. About two-thirds of the earth's copper is found in igneous rocks, and about a quarter occurs in sedimentary rocks. This metal is flexible and flexible and conducts heat and electricity well, which is why it is widely used in electronics and wiring.

The copper is commonly found in nature along with sulfur. Generally, it is produced from a multi-stage process that starts from mining and concentrate of low-value copper ore sulfide ore and after melting and electrolytic purification produces pure copper cathode. Increasing the share of copper in acid washing of metal oxide metal is obtained.

Due to its characteristics such as singularity or composition, wired, malleable, thermal conductivity, and rust resistance, copper has become one of the main industrial metals in terms of consumption after iron and Aluminum in the ranking 3. Electrical applications of copper, such as power generation and transmission, building wiring, communications, electrical and electronic products, account for approximately three-quarters of total copper consumption. 

Architecture is the largest unipolar market after electrical and electronic products, transportation, industrial machinery, and consumer and main products. Copper by-products are easily recycled from unused copper products and products and significantly join the copper supply. The cathode mesh is generally converted into different shapes based on the intermediate casting process such as slabs, billets, sheets, wires, and copper rods, pipes, and copper alloys.

Copper forms various alloys by combining it with other metals. Bronze, for example, is an alloy of copper and tin, while brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. These alloys often exhibit enhanced properties compared to pure copper, such as increased strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Copper has good resistance to corrosion, especially when exposed to atmospheric conditions. Over time, it develops a greenish patina called verdigris, which acts as a protective layer on the surface, slowing down further corrosion.

Copper has a wide range of applications due to its properties. Besides electrical wiring and electronics, it is used in plumbing systems, roofing materials, coins, statues, decorative items, and musical instruments. It is also an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Copper is highly recyclable, and it retains its properties even after recycling. This makes it an environmentally friendly metal, as it can be reused without significant degradation in quality.

Copper is known for its antimicrobial properties. It has been used for centuries to reduce the risk of infection in water supplies and medical equipment. Copper surfaces can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Additionally, copper is an essential nutrient for the human body and plays a role in various physiological processes. Copper is primarily extracted from copper-rich ores through mining. The leading copper-producing countries include Chile, Peru, China, the United States, and Australia. The mining and processing of copper can have environmental impacts, including habitat destruction and water pollution, which are important considerations for sustainable production.