Clay is extensively used in the production of ceramics and pottery. Different types of Clay are used to create various pottery items, including dishes, bowls, vases, tiles, and sculptures. The plasticity and ability of clay to retain its shape when fired make it an ideal material for these artistic and functional creations. Clay is used in the construction industry for various purposes. Clay bricks, tiles, and blocks are made from clay that is fired at high temperatures. These materials provide durability, insulation, and aesthetic appeal to buildings. Additionally, clay is used in the production of clay plasters, clay paints, and clay-based adhesives for eco-friendly and sustainable construction practices.

Building clay has found an important place in building construction since ancient times due to its special characteristics. Clay is one of the different types of soil that makes up about 50% of the soil. This is a natural soil, most of its materials are in the form of fine grains, and for this reason, they are known as cold soils. The stickiness of clay makes it hold more water than other soils. Clay is formed from the erosion of Rocks such as igneous and metamorphic rocks such as feldspars, granites, etc.

Clay is used all over the world as a raw material for building materials. From the use of clay in the construction industry, we can mention the production of bricks. The clay used for making bricks should be such that its mixture with water has the properties of plasticity, the ability to be molded and molded, and it has the necessary tensile strength to maintain its shape after molding, and its particles can fuse to each other at high temperature. There are many types of clay used in construction, the types of clay and its use in construction are: kaolinite and refractory clay, ordinary, refractory, calcareous, red, bentonite, pellet and sedimentary clays.

• Cultivation of plants: clays are usually not suitable for growing plants and agriculture, but some plants such as elm, sparrow's tongue tree, willow and pine and many other plants grow well in this soil due to high water and humidity.
• In steelmaking industries: this soil is used to connect iron ore pellets and also in mines and underground facilities such as gas and oil drilling fluids, transfer underground materials to its surface, cool and lubricate cutting tools and drills.
• In medicine: this soil has many uses in the medical field, including in the treatment of skin problems such as acne and eczema, muscle pain and menstrual pain, stomach discomfort and wound infection, and it also has antibacterial properties and is one of the best skin care products. is considered.
• Other uses of this soil include pottery and crafts, paper industry, environmental protection, Food industry as an absorbent in the purification of vegetable and industrial oils.

Fire clay and other high-temperature-resistant clays are used in the manufacturing of refractory materials. These materials are employed in lining furnaces, kilns, and other equipment that operate at high temperatures, providing excellent heat resistance and insulation. Bentonite clay is widely used in the drilling industry as a key component of drilling fluids. It helps to stabilize the borehole, control fluid loss, and remove drill cuttings. Additionally, bentonite clay is used in the extraction of oil and gas, where it aids in the lubrication and sealing of wellbores. Clay is a common ingredient in cosmetic and personal care products. It is used in facial masks, scrubs, cleansers, and soaps due to its ability to absorb impurities, exfoliate the skin, and provide a smooth texture.

Certain clays, such as bentonite and kaolin, have medicinal properties and are used in pharmaceuticals and medical applications. They are used in the formulation of suspensions, ointments, and poultices for their absorbent, soothing, and healing properties. Clay is an essential component of soil and plays a vital role in agriculture. It helps to retain moisture, improve soil structure, and provide nutrients to plants. Clay Minerals can also act as ion exchange agents, facilitating nutrient uptake by plant roots. Clay is widely used in Art and craft projects. It serves as a versatile medium for sculpting, modeling, and pottery making. Artists and hobbyists use clay to create sculptures, figurines, jewelry, and decorative items.