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LEBANON PETROCHEMICALS MARKET

Petrochemicals Prices in Lebanon

Lebanon is an Asian country on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea with a history of several thousand years of civilization. The Middle East is one of the most important hubs in the petrochemical industry. Precious stones, fertilizers, salt, iron ore, and cement are major mineral products of Lebanon. production of polymers and granules in our petrochemical is very important

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Lebanese has a stable economy but now with almost low growth. our petrochemical industry has many phases of production of crude oil products. Road, rail, sea, and airlines between Lebanon and the countries is ‎examined as a key infrastructure for the delivery of goods and commercial cargo. Petrochemicals are chemical products from the processing of oil and gas

Petrochemical Polymer and Plastic Products
Petrochemical Polymer and Plastic Products

Therefore, with a closer look at this issue, it can be understood that the production of polymers and granules in our petrochemical is very important. Currently, the largest imports of petrochemical industries are in the form of granules, because these products are not found naturally and must be produced. 

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History of Ethylene
History of Ethylene

In 1795, ethylene gas was called olefin gas. The first synthesis of ethylene gas compounds (dichlor and ethane) was performed in 1795 by a Dutch chemist. In the middle of the 19th century, because C2H4 had a lower hydrogen than C2H5 ethyl, suffixes (ene) of Greek origin were added to the end of ethyl, and after that olefin gas is called ethylene gas.

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Whats is Polybutadiene rubber?
Whats is Polybutadiene rubber?

The PBR rubber polybutadiene compound is a synthetic rubber. Polybutadiene rubber is a polymeric compound that is formed from the polymerization reaction of units 1 and 3 of butadiene. PBR is the fourth most widely used chemical in the world in 2012.

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In what industries is polypropylene used?
In what industries is polypropylene used?

Polypropylene has been able to replace engineering polymers and even metal parts in industrial applications due to its easy acceptance of high amounts of various fillers and reinforcements, and as a result, a wide market has been opened for it. In addition, alloying with other polymers has diversified the grades and applications of this polymer. polypropylene is used in:

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What is the difference between styrene butadiene rubber and natural rubber?
What is the difference between styrene butadiene rubber and natural rubber?

SBR and natural rubber are generally similar. However, some properties of styrene butadiene rubber have made natural rubber perform better than it. Some of these properties include the lower resistance of this polymeric material to tensile, heat accumulation and waste generation.

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Geography and Political Structure of Lebanon
Geography and Political Structure of Lebanon

Lebanon is an Asian country on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea with a history of several thousand years of civilization. The region was one part of the Levant and became an independent state after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the population is Muslim. Several tribes are living in Lebanon. About 30% of the country's population is Shiite.

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This study seeks to address possible implications for two countries in this region, Lebanon and Israel, in light of the prospect of discoveries of oil and natural gas reserves offshore. Implications for  Lebanon. Lebanon has no oil or gas resources. This situation has changed with the discovery of significant natural gas reserves off the shores of Israel and Cyprus; the countries that share the same geological underwater basin with Lebanon. Therefore, Lebanon is unable to start extracting oil and/or gas until at least around 2018, as planned. In Lebanon, the potential benefits from a domestic supply of gas are immediately clear; ending power shortages, wiping out Lebanon’s rapidly rising public debt, reviving the economic sector, social development, and the reduction of pollution. Locally produced natural gas is a major factor in resolving the question regarding the production of electricity in Lebanon. The opportunities might contribute to an increase in sustained economic growth, increase Lebanon’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and possibly create more opportunities for investors and direct revenues through the collection of royalties and profits from oil and gas Furthermore, oil and gas revenues might also help Lebanon better manage its public finances by reducing the government’s expenses, and thus reduce budget deficits; especially in light of the fact that the country is encumbered with one of the highest debt rates in the world (133. Lebanon recorded a Current Account deficit of 25 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in 2015. Finally, by switching to gas-generated electricity, Lebanon might also be contributing to its environmental security. ([13]) This could lower the emission of toxic gases in greater Beirut, where the high level of Nitrous Oxide goes beyond the international lower limit. On the other hand, Lebanon faces a number of challenges that may negatively influence resource exploration and production activities and deter firms from exploring its resource. The conflict in Syria negatively affects Lebanon in many ways which do not reassure potential investors. ([15]) Secondly, Syria's conflict has generated gun battles, rocket attacks, car bombs and kidnappings inside Lebanon's borders. ([16]) Thirdly, the afflux of one million Syrian refugees to a small country like Lebanon further confuses the situation; especially in light of the fact that many militants are mixed with civilians while they try to take advantage of destabilizing the security of the country ([17]). According to Transparency International, Lebanon ranked 127th out of the 177 countries assessed, which placed it among countries that has higher rate in corruption for 2015. Technical issues could also hinder gas exportation from Lebanon. Lebanon would have to export its gas by sea, in tankers, and Lebanon has no facilities to do so. Very little oil and gas developments have occurred in Lebanon since as early as 1947. In addition, the only experience that Lebanon had in the petroleum sector was in refining. Lebanon was among the first in the Middle East to build oil refineries in the 1950s, but now its facilities in Zahrani and Tripoli are inoperative. Lebanon's strong points. It is true that Lebanon is lagging behind its neighbors in the region (Israel and Cyprus who are already either exploring for or exploiting their resources) with regard to exploration and production activities; however, the country may compensate for this through other possible strong points. First of all, Lebanon’s strategic location and its good relation with its neighbors (except for Israel) provide added value for Lebanon compared to other countries in the region. ([23]) Located in the vicinity of Turkey, Europe and the Suez Canal, Lebanon benefits from relative ease of access for exporting Lebanese gas to the region when the war ends in Syria, to Europe through onshore or offshore pipelines, and to the international market through LNG plants that can be built in Lebanon, jointly with other countries in the region, or by using existing plants in Egypt for example. ([24]) This may allow Lebanon the opportunity to play a role in supplying a portion of the regional demand, but more importantly, contribute to the of gas supplies. Depending on the volume of gas that may be produced, Lebanon may be able to access the global market through LNG. In addition, Lebanon has a very prestigious education system which can generate a qualified workforce and human resources. According to a 2015 World Economic Forum report, Lebanon is ranked 10th in overall quality of education, and 4th in science and math. Lebanon and Israel have never been delineated because they have officially been at war since Israel declared independence in 1948. This on-going dispute over the shared maritime boundary could affect the two countries’ abilities, and in particular Lebanon, to proceed with their offshore development plans because tensions could even make it impossible for firms to work in both countries at once. In fact, Lebanon as member of the Arab League, does not recognize Israel. ([55]) Finally, it is worth mentioning that Lebanon ratified UNCLOS in January 1995; unfortunately, Israel is not a party to UNCLOS. Before going to the UN to proclaim its EEZ, Lebanon started the process of the delimitation of its maritime border. Another reason is that Lebanon wanted to reach a free trade agreement with Turkey; which was actually signed at the end of November 2010. ([58]) Therefore, this non-ratified Agreement does not bind Lebanon. ([62]) Lebanon rejected this agreement arguing that it conflicts with Lebanon’s EEZ. In fact, this agreement used similar coordinates to the Lebanon-Cyprus Maritime Agreement by taking Point 1 as the terminal point of the northern limit of the Israeli EEZ, but overlapped a surface of 850 km2 with Lebanon’s rights over the maritime area according to its public delimitations at the disposal of the UN office in 2010. ([63]) Also, there is a provision in this agreement, similar to the one in the Lebanon-Cyprus agreement that opens the door for future modification. In July 2011, the Israeli Knesset sent a map to the UN of its maritime boundaries based on this Cyprus-Israel agreement, rejecting the EEZ’s boundary deposited by Lebanon and ignoring its protest. Lebanon’s boundary declaration contradicts the line Israel has agreed upon with Cyprus, and what is more significant to me is that it contradicts the line that Lebanon itself concluded with Cyprus in 2007. In June 2011, Lebanon filed a protest against the Israel-Cyprus Maritime Agreement with the UN. ([67]) Both letters highlighted the fact that the Israeli delimitation does not match the geographical points that Lebanon had deposited with the UN. The letter added that such attitudes could endanger international peace and security, and argued that Israel’s coordinates violate the 1923 International Land Border established under the Agreement between France and Britain, and the 1949 Lebanon-Israel Armistice Israel, on the other hand, notes that the Agreement never defined a point on the coast, and there is no signed map or set of coordinates attached to the Israel-Lebanon 1949 Armistice Agreement. Lebanese politicians declared that Lebanon has the right to explore its resources. Although the situation is not so stable on Lebanon’s southern border and can quickly deteriorate, at present the Syrian war has diverted both Hezbollah and Israel for the time being. It is true that the dispute is mainly between Lebanon and Israel; however, the border between Lebanon and Cyprus is not yet resolved as the Lebanese Parliament refused to ratify the agreement which was concluded between the two countries in 2007. Therefore, Lebanon should consider renegotiating this agreement on one hand, and settle the border dispute with Israel using one of several options cited by Article 33 of the UN Charter mentioned above, knowing that Israel’s and Lebanon’s maritime boundary submissions to the UN are only unilateral proposals. Negotiation between Israel and Lebanon cannot be considered as they are at war and will not negotiate face-to-face. Moreover, Israel has not signed UNCLOS, in contrast to Lebanon, which means that the two countries cannot refer to any of the known judicial systems, such as the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, or the Permanent Court of Arbitration. This section presents the new findings using SWOT analysis for Lebanon and Israel and is summarized in the following tables. Maritime dispute with Lebanon.  Impacts of Discoveries on the Conflict between Lebanon and Israel. The new gas and oil discoveries carry tremendous potential for Lebanon and Israel. On the other hand, Lebanon, which is  still behind in the exploration race  despite its potential to produce large quantities of natural gas, is pushing forward its efforts to exploit its share of oil and gas. The revenues from the exploitation of these national resources would provide all of the necessary funds to solve Lebanon’s financial, economic, and social problems. In Lebanon, Extremism, gained popularity among deprived populations. Once Lebanon starts natural gas and oil production, the country has great potential for developing its economy. Lebanon and Cyprus can cooperate in exploiting these resources with funding provided by any European country interested in diversifying its investments in a way that could help this country to benefit from the flow of Lebanese oil and gas into the European market. The American partnership in the exploitation of such natural gas deposits, as well as oil, is considered a big incentive to mediate both current and future disputes between Israel and Lebanon. [1] BEMO Industry Report, “Hydrocarbons in Lebanon”, Issue # 1/2014, accessed 10 September 2014, http://www. [3] George Sassine, “Lebanon’s electricity sector between regulation and A new vision for Lebanon, December 2012, accessed 16 September 2014, http://www. [6] Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook, Lebanon, Economy,” 20 June 2016, accessed 8 August 2016, https://www. [9] Middle East Strategic Perspectives, “Lebanon’s emerging oil & gas sector: a discussion with Energy Minister Arthur Nazarian,” 31 August 2014, accessed 8 September 2014, http://www. [14] Daily Star Lebanon, “Warm weather, weak wind make Beirut air pollution worse: study,” 5 February 2011, accessed 16 September 2014, http://www. [18] Map Action, “Lebanon, Baseline Information,” 10 October 2013, accessed 16 September 2014, http://www. [48] Daily Star Lebanon, “Cyprus Signs LNG Deal with US-Israeli Partnership,” 26 June 2013, accessed 12 September 2014, www. [52] Swiss Association for Dialogue, “The Legal Framework of Lebanon’s Maritime Boundaries: The Exclusive Economic Zone and Offshore Hydrocarbon 2012, accessed 17 September 2014, http://bric. [57] Middle East Economic Survey, “Agreement between Lebanon and Cyprus on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone,” accessed 10 September 2014, http://www. [58] Daniel Meier, “Lebanon’s Maritime Boundaries: Between Economic Opportunities and Military University of Oxford, June 2013, accessed 16 September 2014, [60] Hassan Lakkis, “Negotiation Blunders Jeopardize Oil and Gas Campaign,” Daily Star Lebanon, 14 July 2011, accessed 10 September 2014, http://www. [70] Helmi Moussa, “US Tries to Mediate Lebanon-Israel Maritime Border Dispute,” Al-monitor, 2 October 2013, accessed 10 September 2014, http://www.
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https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/en/content/impact-oil-and-natural-gas-discoveries-lebanese-israeli-conflict
https://logi-lebanon.org/Basics/Infographic/Does-Lebanon-have-Oil-and-Gas
https://ginosblog.com/whats-happening-with-the-oil-gas-sector-in-lebanon-8b4bcfb5296b