The original locality for lapis lazuli is the Sar-e-Sang deposit in Afghanistan's remote Badakhshan district. In the Achaemenid period, azure was called "Kabutkeh". In the Sassanid period, azure was consumed a lot. The roof of Ctesiphon, as well as various sculptures, is made of azure; it is possible that they used azurite instead of azure in making these works. 

Chemicals themselves are divided into categories of chemical compounds, chemical elements, and ions. For example, water is a chemical compound because the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always constant. 

It is a bronze alloy (a combination of many metals and other elements) and alloys were used as raw materials in construction and trade. Over the past few hundred years, a combination of different elements has led to the production of stainless steel, light aluminum, foil, and other very useful products. At present, synthetic chemical compounds have also transformed the food industry. 

In the early twentieth century, humans were looking for a way to produce ammonia to increase fertility in their agricultural products. After the discovery of the mass production of ammonia called Haber, 2 billion people in the world were saved from starvation. In contrast, the annual production of 100 million tons of this substance has played a major role in environmental pollution.

Solid chlorineSolid chlorine is mostly in powder form and is used to disinfect kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and doing laundry in laundries. This type is also suitable and used for water purification and disinfection, as well as disinfection of swimming pools and water parks.

Nitrogen compounds were known in the Middle Ages. Alchemists knew nitric acid as the exhalation of water. The combination of nitric and hydrochloric acid, known as aqua regia, was known to melt gold.

There is no doubt that none of the chemical elements have played a more important role than oxygen in the development of chemistry. This life-giving gas was able to make such a huge breakthrough in chemistry in the late eighteenth century that it had never been possible before.

The main method of commercial production of sulfuric acid is that sulfur dioxide is first prepared from sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is then converted to sulfur trioxide in the process of catalytic oxidation, and then concentrated  sulfuric acid is produced by the sulfur trioxide reaction with  water.

In 2010, US Pentagon officials, along with US geologists, uncovered approximately $ 1 trillion in untapped mineral reserves in Afghanistan. A Pentagon note says Afghanistan could become Saudi Arabia's lithium. Some believe that intact minerals are worth up to $ 3 trillion.